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Race & Education in Virginia

An Archive of Materials for Teaching & Studying the History of African American Public Schools during the Great Depression
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  • Article: "C.I.I. Plant is Offered County," Montgomery News Messenger, January 24, 1934, p. 2
  • Article: "Calls Newport News High School Interracial Venture," Norfolk Journal and Guide, December 17, 1932, p. 5
  • Article: "Eight Schools Close in Week," Montgomery News Messenger February 4, 1933, p. 1.
  • Article: "Pay of Virginia Negro Teachers Termed Too Low," Roanoke World News January 6, 1932 p. 3
  • Article: "Teachers Walk Out of Community Fund Lunch," Richmond Planet November 28, 1936 p. 1.
  • Article: "The Progress of Negro Education in Montgomery County," Virginia Teachers Bulletin, 6/2, March 1929, p. 18
  • Article: "Virginia High Schools Get Southern Ass'n Approval," Norfolk Journal and Guide, December 24, 1932, p. 4
  • Article: “9th District at Christiansburg Institute,” Virginia Teachers Bulletin 15/4 (May 1938) p. 26.
  • Article: “Alexandria Takes Legal Steps to Get High School,” Journal & Guide, September 2, 1933, p. 8.
  • Article: “Front Doors of School Closed to Negro Pupils," Norfolk Journal and Guide, February 27, 1932, p. 9
  • Article: “Get Together Teachers!” Virginia Teachers Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 4 (November 1931) p. 6.
  • Article: “Governor Pollard Would Cut All Salaries," Journal & Guide, Jan 23, 1932
  • Article: “Gresham Says School Needs Full Facilities,” Richmond Times Dispatch, November 28, 1931 p.3
  • Article: “Hanover White Schools are to Reopen Sept. 7,” Richmond Times-Dispatch August 17, 1933 p. 4.
  • Article: “Negro Education in Virginia,” Virginia Teachers’ Bulletin Vol. 9 (May 1932) pp. 8-9.
  • Article: “Negro Parents of Public School Students Pay...for Their Children’s Education,” Journal & Guide, July 30, 1932
  • Article: “Negro Will be Named Assistant Principals in Richmond,” Journal & Guide, June 3, 1933, p. 1
  • Article: “Negroes Seek Salary Raise For Teachers,” Richmond Times Dispatch, December 6, 1931 p. 20
  • Article: “New Support for Better Pay for Teachers,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, December 19, 1931
  • Article: “Only High Schools Which Applied and Paid $10.00 Fee," Journal & Guide, January 16, 1932
  • Article: “Our Great Victory,” Virginia Teachers’ Bulletin Vol. 17, No. 4 (November 1940) p. 2.
  • Article: “Petersburg Teachers May Have Their Salaries Slashed,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, April 16, 1932, p. 9
  • Article: “Problems Facing Negro Teachers of Virginia,” Virginia Teachers’ Bulletin Vol. 12, No. 3 (May 1935) p. 29
  • Article: “Richmond Assured Race Principals,” Journal & Guide, July 1, 1933, p.1
  • Article: “Richmond Picks Principals But Cuts Pay,” Norfolk Journal & Guide, August 5, 1933, p. 1.
  • Article: “Richmond Stepping Up,” (editorial) Journal & Guide, July 1, 1933, p. 6.
  • Article: “Salary Cuts and Negro Teachers,” Virginia Teachers’ Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 1 (January 1932) pp. 4-5
  • Article: “School Board Mourns Passing of Mrs. Elliott,” Journal & Guide, January 14, 1933, p. 7.
  • Article: “School Days Find Things Worse,” Norfolk Journal & Guide, September 19, 1931
  • Article: “School Official Comes Out for Segregation,” Norfolk Journal & Guide January 27, 1934, p. 9
  • Article: “Seek Gradual Equalization in Teachers Pay,” Journal & Guide, October 14, 1933, p. 11.
  • Article: “Suffolk School Reaches Peak This Autumn,” Journal & Guide, October 14, 1933, p. 9.
  • Article: “There’s No Room,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, January 30, 1932, p. 6
  • Article: “To Dismiss Teachers Who Won’t Pay Debts,” Journal & Guide, July 1, 1933, p. 9
  • Article: “Vetoes Move for Equal Teachers’ Salaries." Norfolk Journal and Guide, May 14, 1932, p. 9
  • Article: “Win Partial Victory in Fight for Principals,” Journal & Guide, April 1, 1933, p. 1.
  • Article: Christiansburg Institute Expands Program
  • Article: Christiansburg Institute Hosts District Conference
  • Article: Christiansburg Institute is Site for District Conference
  • Article: George H. Binford, “The Educational Grinding Mill,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, June 4, 1932, p. 6
  • Article: George H. Binford, “The Educational Grinding Mill,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, June 4, 1932, p. 6.
  • Article: Henderson, “Education Inequalities,” Virginia Teachers Bulletin 15/3 (May 1938) pp. 8-10, 13.
  • Article: Josephus Simpson, "One-Half of All Negro Children of School Age Are in School,” Journal & Guide, December 3, 1932,
  • Article: L. S. Burford, “Facing the Emergency with Courage and Optimism,” Virginia Teachers’ Bulletin Vol. 11 (Jan 1934)
  • Article: S. B. Weeks, “The Open Forum: Teachers’ Salary Reduction,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, February 20, 1932, p. 6
  • Article: Simpson, “One-Twelfth of Virginia’s High Schools...for Colored Students,” Journal & Guide, October 8, 1932, p. 7
  • Article: Thomas L. Dabney, “Buckingham County Citizens Want and Get Education,” Norfolk Journal & Guide, Sept 12, 1931, p. 5
  • Article: Walker, “Christiansburg Industrial Institute, Cambria, Va.,” Virginia Teachers Bulletin 16/3 (May 1939) p. 2
  • Articles
  • “Reduction of Teachers’ Salaries,” Norfolk Journal and Guide, January 16, 1932, p. 6
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  • Chart: Per Capita Cost of Elementary Schools in Roanoke City, 1929 to 1939
  • Chart: Per Capita Cost of Elementary Schools in Roanoke County, 1929 to 1939
  • Chart: Teachers Average Annual Salaries, Campbell County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Albermarle County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Alexandria City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Allegheny County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Fairfax County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Floyd County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Franklin County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Loudoun County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Montgomery County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Norfolk City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Portsmouth City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Princess Anne County
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in South Norfolk City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Staunton City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Suffolk City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Westminster City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Williamsburg City
  • Graph: Annual Salaries of Teachers, Accomac County
  • Graph: Enrollment in Montgomery County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Accomac County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Albermarle County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Amelia County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Amelia County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Amherst County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Appomatox County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Botetourt County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Brunswick County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Buckingham County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Caroline County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Carroll County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Charles City County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Charlotte County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Chesterfield County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Clarke County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Craig County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Culpeper County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Fauquier County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in King William County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction Elementary Schools in Richmond City
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Augusta County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Bath County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Bland County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Cumberland County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Dickenson County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Dinwiddie County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Elizabeth City County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Essex County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Fairfax County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Floyd County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Fluvanna County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Franklin County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Frederick County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Giles County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Gloucester County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Goochland County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Grayson County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Greene County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Greensville County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Halifax County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Hanover County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Henrico County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Henry County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Highland County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Isle of Wight County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, James City County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, King & Queen County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, King George County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Bedford County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Fairfax County
  • Graph: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Princess Anne County, 1929 to 1939
  • Graph: Teachers' Annual Salaries Buckingham County
  • Illustration: "Virginia's Negro Schools Having Nine Month Terms," Virginia Teachers Bulletin 16/4 (November 1939), p. 18
  • In the Lens of History: Photographs of Virginia Schools during the Great Depression
  • Photo: Christiansburg Institute Academic Building, 1929
  • Photograph : African American High School in Wise County
  • Photograph: Carver High School, Salem
  • Photograph: Central High School Building, Charlotte County
  • Photograph: Central High School Front Hallway, Charlotte County
  • Photograph: Christiansburg Industrial Institute Girls' Dormitory
  • Photograph: Christiansburg Institute buildings
  • Photograph: Math Class at Central High School, Charlotte County
  • Photograph: Norfolk Boys at Desk
  • Photograph: Norfolk children on their way to school
  • Photograph: Shawsville Rosenwald School
  • Photograph: Social Studies Teacher, Charlotte County
  • Photograph: Student at Desk, Central High School, Charlotte Court House
  • Photograph: Students in Hallway, Keysville
  • Photograph: Students in Library, Charlotte County
  • Photograph: Teacher at Desk, Central High School, Charlotte Court House
  • Photograph: White Consolidated School
  • Photographs
  • Race & Education in Virginia
  • Sources by Material Type
  • Special Topics
  • Special Topics
  • Table and Chart: Annual Average Salaries, Richmond City
  • Table: African American Teachers by Annual Salary, 1932/1933 (by district, number, and salary)
  • Table: African American Teachers by Number and Average Annual Salary, 1932/1933 (sort by county / city)
  • Table: African American Teachers by Number and Average Annual Salary, 1932/1933 (sort by number)
  • Table: African American Teachers by Number and Average Annual Salary, 1932/1933 (sort by salary)
  • Table: Annual Average Salaries, Fairfax County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Albermarle County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Alexandria City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Alleghany County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Alleghany County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Floyd County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Loudoun County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Montgomery County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Norfolk City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Portsmouth City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Princess Anne County
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in South Norfolk City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Staunton City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Suffolk City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Williamsburg City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers in Winchester City
  • Table: Annual Salaries of Teachers, Accomac County
  • Table: Bus Transportation, Princess Anne County, 1939-1940
  • Table: Census, Enrollment, Funding, and Teachers in Alleghany Co, 1935/1936 School Year
  • Table: Census, Enrollment, Funding, and Teachers in Amelia County, 1935/1936 School Year
  • Table: Census, Enrollment, Funding, and Teachers in Appomatox Co, 1935/1936 School Year
  • Table: Distribution of Teachers, Montgomery County
  • Table: Education in Counties with Majority African American Populations, 1935
  • Table: Enrollment and Attendance, Montgomery County
  • Table: Enrollment at Christiansburg Institute, 1934-1944
  • Table: Enrollment in Princess Anne County, 1930 to 1940
  • Table: Funding and Facilities of High Schools, Montgomery County
  • Table: Funds Allocation for Christiansburg Industrial Institute
  • Table: George Binford, “Youth and the Present Crisis,” Richmond Planet, March 24, 1934, p. 4
  • Table: High Schools in Norfolk, 1935
  • Table: Length of School Term, 1932/1933
  • Table: Montgomery County High Schools, 1940-1941
  • Table: One Room Schools in Fauquier County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Middlesex County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for All School Districts, 1931/1932
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools , Orange County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools Albermarle County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Accomac County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Alleghany County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Amelia County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Amherst County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Arlington County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Augusta County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Bath County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Bedford County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Bland County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Botetourt County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Brunswick County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Buchanan County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Buckingham County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Campbell County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Caroline County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Carroll County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Charles City County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Charlotte County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Chesterfield County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Clarke County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Craig County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Culpeper County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Cumberland County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Dickenson County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Dinwiddie County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Elizabeth City County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Fairfax County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Fauquier County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Floyd County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Fluvanna County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Franklin County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Frederick County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Giles County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Gloucester County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Goochland County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Grayson County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Greene County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Greensville County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Halifax County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Hanover County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Henrico County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Henry County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Highland County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Isle of Wight County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, James City County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, King & Queen County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, King George County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, King William County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Lancaster County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Lee County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Loudoun County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Louisa County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Lunenburg County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Madison County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Mathews County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Mecklenburg County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Montgomery County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Nansemond County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Nelson County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, New Kent County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Norfolk County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Northumberland County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Nottoway County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Page County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Patrick County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Pittsylvania County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Powhatan County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Prince Edward County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Prince George County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Prince William County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Princess Anne County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Pulaski County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Rappahannock County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Richmond City
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Roanoke City
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Roanoke County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Rockbridge County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Rockingham County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Russell County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Scott County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Shenandoah County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Smyth County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Southampton County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Spotsylvania County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Stafford County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Surry County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Sussex County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Tazewell County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Warren County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Warwick County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Washington County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Washington County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Wise County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, Wythe County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools, York County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction for Elementary Schools,Essex County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction in Elementary Schools, Northampton County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Appomatox County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Arlington County, 1929 to 1939
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Fairfax County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Loudoun County
  • Table: Per Capita Cost of Instruction, Princess Anne County, 1929 to 1941
  • Table: Per Capita Funding for Elementary Schools, by race, 1930 to 1940
  • Table: Pupils' Status at Christiansburg Industrial Institute
  • Table: School Age Population and HS Enrollment, SW Virginia
  • Table: School Buildings, Montgomery County, 1935-1936
  • Table: Schools in Princess Anne County, 1935
  • Table: Teachers' Annual Salaries, Buckingham County
  • Table: Virginia Enrollment by Race, 1929-1939
  • Tables, Charts, and Graphs

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